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The Role "Math Kangaroo" Plays in Our Children’s Mathematical Education

     "Lilavati means graceful, enchanting!… but most of all, MATHEMATICS is such." Thus Szczepan Jelenski0) began his book, which for many years has interested successive generations of youth in mathematics. No matter how we might be planning our children’s future, one thing is certain: they should come to know and love this "queen of the sciences." Management Science, Information Technology, Marketing1)—all of these areas of human activity (and I am listing only the most "fashionable") offer employment and fair pay for those who are skilled in analytical thinking and using mathematical methods in their work2). For at least another 20 years, large corporations and federal departments will be creating new positions and will be seeking replacements for those retiring, and the expected number of qualified graduates will be too small too meet the need.3) 4)
     "The academic weaknes of our schools cuts across subjects, but students seem to be especially sensitive to failures in learning mathematics. Difficulties in English [or any other language; it is unfair to see educational problems only in one country, region, or area—m.o.] or geography in early grades are often corrected in later grades. With mathematics, however, students who fall behind, experience extreme difficulty in trying to catch up to theirexpected level of performance."
5)
            In the Sobieski School of Polish Language and Culture – a private weekend school in
Chicago, IL and suburbs - math classes take place every week. Their goal is to review what the American schools teach; to go through any material which has not been covered there; to help the youngest students gain a basic understanding of mathematical concepts, and then to build up extensive knowledge and to form the necessary abilities of calculating and thinking.
            The mathematicians employed at the school combine their education from Polish universities and memories of working with students in their fatherland with their own American experiences and with the best standards of teaching instituted by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics     ( http://www.nctm.org/standards/gradeband.htm ).
            The additional weekly lesson in mathematics is not unimportant. NCTM suggests that in order for teaching to be successful, it should take place every day. Many high school students do not enroll in more than four semesters of mathematics classes; it is not required, and they themselves are not interested. The class session on Saturday is then a chance for review or even learning at least part of the material. After all, the amount to be learned from preschool through 12th grade is enormous.
Sobieski School meets many of the guidelines set forth by the NCTM.
            Mastering the knowledge contained in the program objectives requires the students to exert a great intellectual effort. The students need motivation in order to undertake such an enterprise. The possibility of a good job, or even admission to a renowned university are not valuable arguments when speaking with children, even high school students. For young people, most convincing and motivating is the opportunity to compare one’s own abilities with those of their peers, and an awareness of the growth of knowledge. The desire for learning is even greater when the student’s effort is rewarded with attractive prizes, for which one does not need to wait years…
            This is why the mathematics teachers from Sobieski School have been working together with the Nicolas Copernicus University in Torun since 1998 to offer their students students an opportunity to take part in the International Mathematics Competition "Kangaroo."
            The idea for "Kangaroo" started in the 1980’s in
Australia, and it originator was Peter O’Halloran, a famous mathematician and teacher. The goal of the competition is to evoke interest in mathematics in larger and larger numbers of youths around the world. The "Kangaroo" questions contain interesting problems of algebra, geometry, logic, and other areas of mathematics. Because there are no qualifying contest, all who are willing can participate in the competition.
            In 1991, "Kangaroo" came to
Paris, and from there it was propagated throughout the world. The world "Kangaroo" center, which coordinates the competition in the various countries, was founded in 1994 in Paris. In Poland, the competition was first organized in 1992. Today, it takes place in nearly every European country and in North America. The objective is to bring it to even more countries. The reputation of the competition is affirmed by the UN D’Alanbert Prize, and support received from UNESCO.
            The rules of the "Kangaroo" competition are simple: the contest takes place in every country on the same day. The students solve the same problems translated into their native languages. In 2001, over 2 million students in 30 countries, from 3rd grade through high school, solved the same sets of problems appropriate for their grade level. The youngest participants (grades 3 and 4) solve 24 problems. The rest of the participants, grades 5 through 12, solve 30 problems. The time limit is 75 minutes and the format is that of a multiple-choice test. The problem sets are composed by an International Committee, which meets each year in a different country.
            In the
United States each student receives the problems in two languages: Polish and English. Most of the participants in the USA are students from Polish Saturday Schools, but students without Polish roots also participate. The competition is open to everyone.
            On
March 21, 2002, 270 students from five states, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, and New York, participated in "Kangaroo 2002." The majority of them were students from Saturday Polish Schools. Only 14 of the participants were not from Polish families. Each received books and commemorative diplomas.
            The five winners who received the highest scores, went to
Zakopane, Poland, in August 2002 for the International "Kangaroo" Mathematics Camp, where they met winners from many European countries. (The costs were covered in entirety by the sponsors.)
     All the other participants of "Kangaroo 2002" in
USA received, in addition to diplomas, prizes. Moreover, the American schools were informed about their students’ achievements in the International Mathematical Competition.
            Each country awards its own participants. Countries’ results are not compared. Consequently, the idea of attracting students through "positive reinforcement" is realized. For example, in
Poland, those who place first in the competition are admitted to technical and mathematical programs at colleges and universities without entrance examinations. Many of the winners take part in international trips and camps.
            Here in the
United States this appears to be more modest, but only on the surface. A diploma from participation in the American "Kangaroo" has been used a few times to place the students in a magnet school or an honors program. Teachers (and parents) have, from year to year, observed a growth in mathematical competency. This year, for the first time, we have had scores over 100 points, and a 4th grader solved all of the problems correctly. This does not happen often, and not only in the USA.
            Students participating in the competition many times gain experience in solving the problems. After each year’s competition, the participants take home the set of problems. The correct answers are also made available. Children as well as parents and teachers work on these problems. In at least three of the centers where "Kangaroo 2002" was held, parents and teachers have organized additional classes preparing students for the competition. In
Chicago, the "Kangaroo Math Team", devoted to problems from pervious competitions, operated for some months. Some of the students finally had the opportunity to solve a large number of "word problems"—and it is these problems that provide an opportunity to test one’s knowledge, ability to choose the correct method, and check the answer.
            The program of nearly none school in the world allows students to deeply analyze and understand the nature of the material which they are learning. The sessions of the math teams help fill in this lack. As Stephanie Pace
Marshall, the president of Illinois Math and Science Academy, has said quite recently, "Far too many topics are to be covered, and there wasn’t adequate time for any kind for of depth of understanding"6). The additional hour spent each week solving the competition’s problems with a teacher determined to motivate the student seems to work miracles. Here is a comparison of scores from the American "Kangaroo" for two consecutive years:

grade level

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

average score in "Kangaroo 2001"

29.5

39.0

43.3

53.2

29.0

36.4

36.7

40.8

25.0

60.0

average score in "Kangaroo 2002"

39.0

45.9

37.2a

43.1b

33.5

43.1

56.6

51.5

46.7

41.0c

     a. of the 39 participants, 29 were taking part in the competition for the first time
     b. of the 39 participants, 31 were taking part in the competition for the first time
c. none of the four participants had previously taken part in the competition

            By preparing for the next "Kangaroo," young people begin to understand mathematics. With understanding comes a liking for the subject, and then—plans for the future. More than one young person begins desiring to take Advanced Placement courses, which for them means beginning at a higher level in college, and therefore lower costs and quicker graduation. Some begin taking courses at a college while they still are high school students. For them, studying at a college is free, and so again tuition—less expensive, and graduation—sooner. But, most of all, their ability to solve problems, perform calculations, think, and their self-confidence are increased. The best universities invite them, and their future looks very promising.

                For more information please see us at www.mathkangaroo.com.

                    m.o.
contact@mathkangaroo.com


                                                                                               

  1. "Lilavati", Szczepan Jedleński
  2. "Eyes Wide Open", Judy A.Bayer, Ph.D, 2002
  3. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002
  4. Chicago Tribune 02/25/1998
  5. U.S. News and World Report 05/31/1999
  6. "Conquering Math Phobia", Calvin C. Clawson
  7. Chicago Tribune, 07/14/2002